Strengthening your supply chain one link at a time.

Optimization Modeling vs. Simulation

People confuse sets of words all the time and use them interchangeably – affect vs. effect, disinterested vs. uninterested, lay vs. lie.  Too often, supply chain professionals talk about “optimization” of networks and “simulation” as if they mean the same thing.  Let’s look at the differences between optimization and simulation, without going down any deep, dark mathematical rabbit holes.

Optimization

In short, optimization is where one starts when looking at large-scale changes to a supply chain network.   Examples of optimization problems are:

• How many distribution centers do we need, where should they be located, and what products should they store?
• What products should we manufacture at which plants, and on what production lines?
• What happens to total cost and service if I switch from using truckload to intermodal transportation in some lanes?

Using one of several supply chain network analysis tools available in the market, companies can build a model of their current network.  With this baseline model in place, numerous scenarios are run to compare cost and service trade-offs and ultimately determine the best supply chain network solution based on the needs of the organization.

Helpful Hint #1

There are two overriding aspects of optimization modeling that drive both the length of the project and accuracy of the result:

1. Data quality. There is a reason the phrase “garbage in, garbage out” is uttered so frequently in business. If a company does not have access to reliable data and cannot fix its shortcomings with trusted assumptions, this exercise produces results that are difficult to trust.
2. The number of scenarios. It is vital to develop a scenario run plan to control the number and type of adjustments to the baseline model for analysis. I have had numerous experiences where companies believe they want to consider four to five scenarios, but want to expand the number by several-fold through the course of the project.  That may be acceptable, but it is important to relay expectations related to the time needed to execute and analyze the scenarios.

Helpful Hint #2

The most common use of optimization modeling tools is to complete what I described in the first bullet above.  In most cases, companies perform analyses looking only at outbound customer volumes to determine the number and location of distribution centers to provide a certain level of service.  Although this is a relatively easy analysis to complete, it is a dangerously incomplete look at all the variables required to develop a solution.  These studies require numerous additional considerations such as location and volumes from inbound suppliers, facility lease costs, availability and cost of labor, and shutdown costs of current facilities.

Simulation

Congratulations!  The optimization study has yielded a solution that is agreeable to all levels of the organization and reduces the overall cost of the supply chain.  Now the next question – will it actually work?  Companies can use simulation models to test how well the system will work using variation in the model inputs.  For example:

• A simulation model can consider product entering a warehouse from suppliers and leaving the warehouse to customers over a defined length of time. As product enters and leaves the facility, inventory levels will rise and fall during that time duration.  The simulation output will show the likelihood of product not being available based on the defined safety stock levels in the model.
• A simulation model can show what happens to a network if one distribution center or manufacturing facility is shut down due to product shortages, weather phenomena, etc. The simulation output will show how long finished goods inventory will last due to the shutdown and how other facilities in the network are stressed to cover the shortfall.

Helpful Hint #3

If data quality is paramount in developing optimization models, it is even more important in developing simulation models.  For example, an optimization model needs to know how many inbound trucks are expected in a facility.  The simulation model needs to know when those trucks will arrive, and the probability those trucks will arrive at a specific time.  Similar to the optimization model, the accuracy of the inputs and trust in the data and assumptions will determine confidence in the model outputs.

Conclusion

It should be clear that there are distinct differences in optimization and simulation models.  Consider the deployment of optimization models to test strategic changes to the structure of a company’s overall supply chain network.  Once the preferred solution is chosen, running a series of simulations will instill more trust that the solution will work in reality once implemented.

Helpful Hint #4

There are no shortcuts!!  Lack of data quality, an untenable number of scenarios, and a lack of leadership buy-in are just a few of the issues that can lead to an undesirable result.

 
—Brian Fish, St. Onge Company
 
 

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